Research
(status updated: 05-10-2024)
Manuscript - Revise and Resubmit
[1] Jaeyeong Nam. "Passive Representation: The Effect of Affirmative Action Bans on Female Representation in Law Enforcement"
Status: Invited to R&R at the Public Administration Review
Points: This study emphasizes that passive representation is not a fixed condition but can be influenced by policy interventions and shaped by historical passive representation. Using both staggered and two-way fixed-effects difference-in-difference methods with city-level panel data from 1988 to 2019, this study finds that affirmative action bans have decreased female representation in cities with more than 100 sworn officers.
[2] Jaeyeong Nam & Daniel L. Fay. “Development Burdens: State Contact Centers, Administrative Burden, and Economic Development Policy”
Status: Invited to R&R at the Journal of Technology Transfer
Points: This study poses questions (1) How does the presence of external assistance organizations increase persistence among technology startups? (2) How does the effectiveness of assistance centers vary by the startup environment of the state? Empirical findings suggest that technology startups are more likely to persist in the technology transfer pipeline of SBA’s STTR Program when third-party assistance centers are nearby. Additionally, assistance centers are most effective in startup environments where entrepreneurial success is less likely.
[3] Jaeyeong Nam & Elizabeth Bell. "Fraud vs. Equity: How Bureaucrats View the Use of AI in Policy Implementation"
Status: Invited to R&R at the Public Performance & Management Review
Points: Artificial Intelligence (AI) has merits in efficiency and effectiveness, but it also raises concerns about social equity in data and decision-making. In this article, we conduct a survey experiment among government employees to reveal how bureaucrats respond to trade-offs in public values (equity and efficiency/fraud prevention) when they are deciding whether to adopt generative or predictive AI in policy implementation. The findings highlight that concerns over equity and bias may be a key barrier to bureaucrats’ adopting AI in policy implementation.
Manuscripts - Available upon Request
[4] Jaeyeong Nam, Elizabeth Bell, Emily Boykin, & Daniel Fay. “How Sector Moderates the Impact of State Policies on Sexual Misconduct Reporting”
Points: Across the US, sexual misconduct occurs in every college and university but is frequently underreported and mishandled by institutions, thereby violating Title IX. We develop a typology of state approaches to campus sexual misconduct, consisting of policies intended to improve transparency and prevention and regulatory efforts to monitor enforcement and university infrastructure. Findings from our staggered difference-in-differences empirical models suggest the adoption of state steward policies increases formal sexual misconduct reporting, but only among institutions with strong fiscal or performance-based relationships with the state government.
[5] Jaeyeong Nam & Daniel L. Fay. “Policy Diffusion and Representative Bureaucracy: Evidence from In-state Tuition for Undocumented Students”
Points: Few studies have questioned how a representative bureaucracy can facilitate or hinder the diffusion of policies that disproportionately affect the salient demographic group. Using a competing risks event history model, this study suggests that states are more likely to adopt prohibitive policies and less likely to adopt supportive in-state tuition policies as the number of neighbors previously adopting supportive in-state tuition policies increases. Moreover, as racial minority representation increases, states are more likely to adopt supportive in-state tuition policies reflecting trends across states nationally, while being less likely to adopt prohibitive policies, following neighboring states’ enactment of supportive policies.
[6] Jaeyeong Nam. “How Publicness Shapes the Equitable Distribution of Resources: Evidence from the State Small Business Credit Initiative”
Points: While many contracting out studies show the efficiency and effectiveness of contracting out, a few studies emphasize the importance of social equity in contracting out. This study explores how the policy implementation structures influence diversity in public service recipients. The State Small Business Credit Initiative program from 2011 to 2016 is an ideal case to explore how sectoral differences influence social equity outcomes. The findings from the multilevel regression model (or mixed effects model) reveal that public agencies yield better social equity performance than quasi-public authorities, while quasi-public authorities are associated with less social equity performance compared to both public agencies and private entities.
[7] Elizabeth Bell, Daniel L. Fay, Jaeyeong Nam, & Emily Boykin. “Gender-based Bureaucratic Discrimination: Evidence from Title IX Implementation”
Points: Across the US, sexual misconduct occurs in every college and university. In this project, we propose a set of hypotheses predicting the determinants of discrimination among Title IX coordinators (n=347) and test them using a conjoint experiment. We find that Title IX coordinators deprioritize transwomen reporting sexual misconduct and deprioritize cases that are more complex and ambiguous. Most importantly, we find that when complexity and ambiguity is reduced, Title IX coordinators are less likely to deprioritize victims who are women, and to a lesser extent, transwomen.
Papers in Preparation
[8] Jaeyeong Nam & Elizabeth Bell. "Administrative Burden: How Policy Context Shapes Bureaucratic Reactions"
Status: Working paper - Preliminary stage
Points: Public employees' view on citizens is critical in citizen-state interactions. In this study, we investigate the influence of social construction on a bureaucrat’s tolerance toward the citizen’s burdensome application process. Using a vignette experimental setting, we presented one of three random policies that have different social constructions to participants and estimated their perception of the need for additional documentation and their willingness to aid in navigating intricate paperwork. As expected, the preliminary results indicate that bureaucrats are more likely to tolerate the burdens in the policies framed as for the have-nots.
[9] Jaeyeong Nam & Elizabeth Bell. "Administrative Burden: When Bureaucrats Cannot Tolerate the Burden of Citizens"
Status: Working paper - Preliminary stage
Points: Public employees' burden tolerance, the attitudes toward administrative burdens, is critical in citizens' interaction with the public sector. Yet, there is a lack of understanding of how public employees react to the citizen’s burden experience. This paper investigates public employees’ burden tolerance when dealing with citizens’ feedback on burdensome experiences during the application process using a conjoint experiment. We expect citizens' deservedness and desirable conditions to decrease public employees' burden tolerance while the magnitude of effect differed by personality, ideology, and knowledge about the policy.
Peer-reviewed Conference Presentations
(16) Jaeyeong Nam & Elizabeth Bell. “Burden Tolerance of Bureaucrats: Policy Contexts and Social Constructions” Single paper will be presented at the Public Management Research Conference (PMRC). June 2024
(15) Elizabeth Bell, Daniel L. Fay, Jaeyeong Nam, & Emily Boykin. “How Complexity and Ambiguity Shapes Gender-based Discrimination: The Case of Title IX Implementation” Single paper will be presented at the Public Management Research Conference (PMRC). June 2024
(14) Elizabeth Bell, Emily A. Boykin, Daniel L. Fay, & Jaeyeong Nam. “How Bureaucrats React to Performance Evaluations: Evidence from a Vignette Experiment” Single paper will be presented at the Public Management Research Conference (PMRC). June 2024
(13) Jaeyeong Nam. “Exploring the Active Representation through Conjoint Survey Experiment” Single paper will be presented at Representative Bureaucracy Workshop at the Midwest Political Science Association (MPSA). April 2024
(12) Jaeyeong Nam. “How Publicness Shapes the Equitable Distribution of Resources: Evidence from the State Small Business Credit Initiative” Single paper will be presented at the Midwest Political Science Association (MPSA). April 2024
(11) Jaeyeong Nam & Elizabeth Bell. “Burden Tolerance toward Citizen’s Experienced Costs of Administrative Burden” Single paper will be presented at the Midwest Political Science Association (MPSA). April 2024
(10) Jaeyeong Nam. “Substance Use in United States by Age, Race, and Sex: Longitudinal Trend Analysis” Single paper presented at the Substance Use Policy Evaluation and Research (SUPER) Symposium. February 2024
(9) Jaeyeong Nam. “Passive Representation: Affirmative Action Bans and Law Enforcement” Single paper will be presented at the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM). November 2023
(8) Jaeyeong Nam. “Contracting out: Public Service Delivery Structure and Social Equity Outcome” Single paper will be presented at the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM). November 2023
(7) Jaeyeong Nam. “Passive Representation: The Effect of Affirmative Action Bans on Gender Representation in Law Enforcement” Single paper presented at the Public Management Research Conference (PMRC). June 2023
(6) Jaeyeong Nam. “Passive Representative Bureaucracy: It is Not a Given Fixed Condition” Single paper presented at the American Society for Public Administration (ASPA). March 2023
(5) Daniel L. Fay, & Jaeyeong Nam. “Diffusion through Representation: Evidence from Unauthorized Student Tuition Policy” Single paper presented at the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM). November 2022
(4) Jaeyeong Nam & Daniel L. Fay. “Small Scientific Enterprise Innovations: How Does Effort of State Policy Amplify Effect of Federal Policy?” Single paper presented at the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM). November 2022
(3) Emily Boykin, Elizabeth Bell, Daniel L. Fay, & Jaeyeong Nam. “Civic Engagement, Institutional Structures, & Sexual Misconduct: The Case of Florida Colleges and Universities” Single paper presented at the Public Management Research Conference (PRMC). May 2022
(2) Jaeyeong Nam. “Innovation and Diffusion through Representative Bureaucracy: Evidence from English Learner Program” Single paper presented at the American Society for Public Administration (ASPA). March 2022
(1) Jaeyeong Nam. “Small Business Innovation: Institution and Cooperation Facilitating Changes in the R&D Structure of Universities” Single paper presented at the Association for Research on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Action (ARNOVA). November 2021